Present Perfect3
The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in many other languages, meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. For example, in modern English, it is formed by combining a present-tense form of the auxiliary verb "to have" with the past participle of the main verb. In the above example, "have" is the auxiliary verb, whereas the past participle "eaten" is the main verb. The two verbs are sometimes labeled "V1" and "V2" in grammar instruction.
In modern English, the auxiliary verb for forming the present perfect is always to have.
- I have eaten
- You have gone
- He has arrived
In many European languages, including standard German, French and Italian, the present perfect verb form usually does not convey perfect aspect, but rather perfective aspect. In these languages, it has usurped the role of the simple past (i.e. preterite) in spoken language, and the simple past is now really only used in formal written language and literature. In standard English, Spanish, and Portuguese, by contrast, the present perfect (perfect) and simple past (perfective aspect) are kept distinct.
[edit] German
Modern German does not have a perfect aspect in the present tense. The present perfect form implies the perfective aspect, and colloquially usually replaces the simple past (except in the verb sein "to be"), although the simple past still is frequently used in non-colloquial and/or narrative registers. For this reason, the present perfect form is often called in German the "conversational past", while the simple past is often called the "narrative past".In standard German, the sein-vs-haben distinction includes the intransitive-+-motion idea for sein ("to be") usage but is independent of the reflexive-voice difference when forming the Perfekt.
- Ich habe gegessen (I have eaten)
- Du bist gekommen (You have come, literally you are come.)
- Sie sind gefallen (They have fallen, literally they are fallen.)
- Sie ist geschwommen (She has swum, literally, she is swum.)
- Du hast dich beeilt (You have hurried, literally You have yourself hurried)
[edit] French
French has no present perfect aspect. However, it has a grammatical form that is constructed in the same way as is the present perfect in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, using a conjugated form of (usually) avoir "to have" plus a past participle. The term passé composé (literally "compound past") is the standard name for this form, which has perfective aspect rather than perfect aspect. The French simple past form, which also conveys perfective aspect, is analogous to the German simple past in that it has been largely displaced by the compound past and relegated to narrative usage; but in French the displacement is greater, to the point that the simple past sounds archaic (whereas in German it merely sounds narrative).In standard French, any verb being used reflexively takes être ("to be") rather than avoir ("to have") as auxiliary in compound past tenses (passé composé, plus-que-parfait, passé antérieur, futur antérieur). In addition, a small set of about 20 non-reflexive verbs also use être as auxiliary (students memorize these using the acrostic mnemonic "DR & MRS VAN DER TRAMP").
- J'ai mangé (I have eaten)
- Tu es venu(e) (You have come, literally you are come.)
- Nous sommes arrivé(e)s (We have arrived, literally we are arrived.)
- Vous vous êtes levé(e)(s) (You have gotten up, reflexive verb,literally you are gotten up.)
[edit] Spanish
The Spanish present perfect form conveys a true perfect aspect. Standard Spanish is like English in that haber is always the auxiliary regardless of the reflexive voice and regardless of the verb in question. For example:I have eaten (Yo he comido)
They have gone (Ellos han ido)
He has played (El ha jugado)
Spanish differs from French, German, and English in that its have cognate, haber, serves only as auxiliary in the modern language; it never indicates possession, which is handled instead by the verb tener.
In some forms of Spanish, such as the Rio Platense Spanish spoken in Argentina, the present perfect is rarely used: the simple past replaces it.
[edit] Portuguese
The Portuguese present perfect form conveys a true perfect aspect. Modern Portuguese differs from Spanish in that the auxiliary used is normally ter (cf. Spanish tener) rather than haver (cf. Spanish haber). Furthermore, the meaning of the present perfect is different from that in Spanish in that it implies an iterative aspect.[1]:pp. 80-81 Eu tenho comido translates approximately "I have eaten and I'm still eating", rather than "I have eaten". (However, other tenses are still as in Spanish, e.g. eu tinha comido means "I had eaten" (in Modern Portuguese), cf. Spanish yo tenía comido.)[edit] Early Modern English
Early Modern English used "to have" and "to be" as the auxiliaries for the present perfect, with a similar distinction to other modern European languages. This usage has practically disappeared from Modern English. Examples of this conjugation can still be found in older texts:- Madam, the Lady Valeria is come to visit you.
- Vext the dim sea: I am become a name;
- Pillars are fallen at thy feet,
- Fanes quiver in the air,
- A prostrate city is thy seat,
- And thou alone art there.
- I am come in sorrow.
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